> library(tm)
Loading required package: NLP
> getTransformations()
[1] "removeNumbers"     "removePunctuation" "removeWords"      
[4] "stemDocument"      "stripWhitespace"  
> getReaders()
 [1] "readDataframe"           "readDOC"                
 [3] "readPDF"                 "readPlain"              
 [5] "readRCV1"                "readRCV1asPlain"        
 [7] "readReut21578XML"        "readReut21578XMLasPlain"
 [9] "readTagged"              "readXML"                
> getSources()
[1] "DataframeSource" "DirSource"       "URISource"       "VectorSource"   
[5] "XMLSource"       "ZipSource"      
> textvec <- c ("#1-1# From SIRI to 3445 self-driving cars, artificial intelligence (AI) is progressing rapidly. ##While science fiction often portrays AI as robots with human-like characteristics, AI 1@# can encompass anything from Google’s search algorithms to IBM’s Watson to autonomous weapons. Artificial intelligence today is properly known as narrow AI (or weak AI), in that it is designed to perform a narrow task (e.g. only facial recognition or only internet searches or only driving a car). However, the long-term goal of many researchers is to create general AI (AGI or strong AI). While narrow AI may outperform humans at whatever its specific task is, like playing chess or solving equations, AGI would outperform humans at nearly every cognitive task.",
+ "#1-2# In the near term, the goal of keeping AI’s impact on society beneficial motivates research in many areas, from economics and law to technical topics such as verification, validity, 374736 security and control. @@8756784 Whereas it may be little more than a minor nuisance if your laptop crashes or gets hacked, it becomes all the more important that an AI system does what you want it to do if it controls your car, your airplane, your pacemaker, your automated trading system or your power grid. Another short-term challenge is preventing a devastating arms race in lethal autonomous weapons.In the long term, an important question is what will happen if the quest for strong AI succeeds and an AI system becomes better than humans at all cognitive tasks. As pointed out by I.J. Good in 1965, designing smarter AI systems is itself a cognitive task. Such a system could potentially undergo recursive self-improvement, triggering an intelligence explosion leaving human intellect far behind. By inventing revolutionaynew technologies, such a superintelligence might help us eradicate war, disease, and poverty, and so the creation of strong AI might be the biggest event in human history. Some experts have expressed concern, though, that it might also be the last, unless we learn to align the goals of the AI with ours before it becomes superintelligent.",
+ "@2@ Most researchers agree that a superintelligent AI is unlikely to exhibit human emotions like love or hate, and that there is no reason to expect AI to become intentionally benevolent or malevolent. Instead, when considering how AI might become a risk, experts think two scenarios most likely: 1- The AI is programmed to do something devastating: Autonomous weapons are artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill. In the hands of the wrong person, these weapons could easily cause mass casualties. Moreover, an AI arms race could inadvertently lead to an AI war that also results in mass casualties. To avoid being thwarted by the enemy, these weapons would be designed to be extremely difficult to simply “turn off,” so humans could plausibly lose control of such a situation. This risk is one that’s present even with narrow AI, but grows as levels of AI intelligence and autonomy increase. 2 The AI is programmed to do something beneficial, but it develops a destructive method for achieving its goal: This can happen whenever we fail to fully align the AI’s goals with ours, which is strikingly difficult. If you ask an obedient intelligent car to take you to the airport as fast as possible, it might get you there chased by helicopters and covered in vomit, doing not what you wanted but literally what you asked for. If a superintelligent system is tasked with a ambitious geoengineering project, it might wreak havoc with our ecosystem as a side effect, and view human attempts to stop it as a threat to be met.",
+ "$3$ Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak, Bill Gates, and many other big names in science and technology have recently expressed concern in the media and via open letters about the risks posed by AI, joined by many leading AI researchers. Why is the subject suddenly in the headlines?  The idea that the quest for strong AI would ultimately succeed was long thought of as science fiction, centuries or more away. However, thanks to recent breakthroughs, many AI milestones, which experts viewed as decades away merely five years ago, have now been reached, making many experts take seriously the possibility of superintelligence in our lifetime. While some experts still guess that human-level AI is centuries away, most AI researches at the 2015 Puerto Rico Conference guessed that it would happen before 2060. Since it may take decades to complete the required safety research, it is prudent to start it now.Because AI has the potential to become more intelligent than any human, we have no surefire way of predictig how it will behave. We can’t use past technological developments as much of a basis because we’ve never created anything that has the ability to, wittingly or unwittingly, outsmart us. The best example of what we could face may be our own evolution. People now control the planet, not because we’re the strongest, fastest or biggest, but because we’re the smartest. If we’re no longer the smartest, are we assured to remain in control?",
+ "&4& A captivating conversation is taking place about the future of artificial intelligence and what it will/should mean for humanity. There are fascinating controversies where the world’s leading experts disagree, such as: AI’s future impact on the job market; if/when human-level AI will be developed; whether this will lead to an intelligence explosion; and whether this is something we should welcome or fear. But there are also many examples of of boring pseudo-controversies caused by people misunderstanding and talking past each other. To help ourselves focus on the interesting controversies and open questions — and not on the misunderstandings — let’s  clear up some of the most common myths.One popular myth is that we know we’ll get superhuman AI this century. In fact, history is full of technological over-hyping. Where are those fusion power plants and flying cars we were promised we’d have by now? AI has also been repeatedly over-hyped in the past, even by some of the founders of the field. For example, John McCarthy (who coined the term “artificial intelligence”), Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon wrote this overly optimistic forecast about what could be accomplished during two months with stone-age computers: “We propose that a 2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College […] An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves. We think that a significant advance can be made in one or more of these problems if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer."
+ )
> tetxvec
Error: object 'tetxvec' not found
> textvec
[1] "#1-1# From SIRI to 3445 self-driving cars, artificial intelligence (AI) is progressing rapidly. ##While science fiction often portrays AI as robots with human-like characteristics, AI 1@# can encompass anything from Google’s search algorithms to IBM’s Watson to autonomous weapons. Artificial intelligence today is properly known as narrow AI (or weak AI), in that it is designed to perform a narrow task (e.g. only facial recognition or only internet searches or only driving a car). However, the long-term goal of many researchers is to create general AI (AGI or strong AI). While narrow AI may outperform humans at whatever its specific task is, like playing chess or solving equations, AGI would outperform humans at nearly every cognitive task."                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[2] "#1-2# In the near term, the goal of keeping AI’s impact on society beneficial motivates research in many areas, from economics and law to technical topics such as verification, validity, 374736 security and control. @@8756784 Whereas it may be little more than a minor nuisance if your laptop crashes or gets hacked, it becomes all the more important that an AI system does what you want it to do if it controls your car, your airplane, your pacemaker, your automated trading system or your power grid. Another short-term challenge is preventing a devastating arms race in lethal autonomous weapons.In the long term, an important question is what will happen if the quest for strong AI succeeds and an AI system becomes better than humans at all cognitive tasks. As pointed out by I.J. Good in 1965, designing smarter AI systems is itself a cognitive task. Such a system could potentially undergo recursive self-improvement, triggering an intelligence explosion leaving human intellect far behind. By inventing revolutionaynew technologies, such a superintelligence might help us eradicate war, disease, and poverty, and so the creation of strong AI might be the biggest event in human history. Some experts have expressed concern, though, that it might also be the last, unless we learn to align the goals of the AI with ours before it becomes superintelligent."                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[3] "@2@ Most researchers agree that a superintelligent AI is unlikely to exhibit human emotions like love or hate, and that there is no reason to expect AI to become intentionally benevolent or malevolent. Instead, when considering how AI might become a risk, experts think two scenarios most likely: 1- The AI is programmed to do something devastating: Autonomous weapons are artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill. In the hands of the wrong person, these weapons could easily cause mass casualties. Moreover, an AI arms race could inadvertently lead to an AI war that also results in mass casualties. To avoid being thwarted by the enemy, these weapons would be designed to be extremely difficult to simply “turn off,” so humans could plausibly lose control of such a situation. This risk is one that’s present even with narrow AI, but grows as levels of AI intelligence and autonomy increase. 2 The AI is programmed to do something beneficial, but it develops a destructive method for achieving its goal: This can happen whenever we fail to fully align the AI’s goals with ours, which is strikingly difficult. If you ask an obedient intelligent car to take you to the airport as fast as possible, it might get you there chased by helicopters and covered in vomit, doing not what you wanted but literally what you asked for. If a superintelligent system is tasked with a ambitious geoengineering project, it might wreak havoc with our ecosystem as a side effect, and view human attempts to stop it as a threat to be met."                                                                                                                                                                                    
[4] "$3$ Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak, Bill Gates, and many other big names in science and technology have recently expressed concern in the media and via open letters about the risks posed by AI, joined by many leading AI researchers. Why is the subject suddenly in the headlines?  The idea that the quest for strong AI would ultimately succeed was long thought of as science fiction, centuries or more away. However, thanks to recent breakthroughs, many AI milestones, which experts viewed as decades away merely five years ago, have now been reached, making many experts take seriously the possibility of superintelligence in our lifetime. While some experts still guess that human-level AI is centuries away, most AI researches at the 2015 Puerto Rico Conference guessed that it would happen before 2060. Since it may take decades to complete the required safety research, it is prudent to start it now.Because AI has the potential to become more intelligent than any human, we have no surefire way of predictig how it will behave. We can’t use past technological developments as much of a basis because we’ve never created anything that has the ability to, wittingly or unwittingly, outsmart us. The best example of what we could face may be our own evolution. People now control the planet, not because we’re the strongest, fastest or biggest, but because we’re the smartest. If we’re no longer the smartest, are we assured to remain in control?"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[5] "&4& A captivating conversation is taking place about the future of artificial intelligence and what it will/should mean for humanity. There are fascinating controversies where the world’s leading experts disagree, such as: AI’s future impact on the job market; if/when human-level AI will be developed; whether this will lead to an intelligence explosion; and whether this is something we should welcome or fear. But there are also many examples of of boring pseudo-controversies caused by people misunderstanding and talking past each other. To help ourselves focus on the interesting controversies and open questions — and not on the misunderstandings — let’s  clear up some of the most common myths.One popular myth is that we know we’ll get superhuman AI this century. In fact, history is full of technological over-hyping. Where are those fusion power plants and flying cars we were promised we’d have by now? AI has also been repeatedly over-hyped in the past, even by some of the founders of the field. For example, John McCarthy (who coined the term “artificial intelligence”), Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon wrote this overly optimistic forecast about what could be accomplished during two months with stone-age computers: “We propose that a 2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College […] An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves. We think that a significant advance can be made in one or more of these problems if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer."
> txt <- vectorsource (textvec)
Error in vectorsource(textvec) : could not find function "vectorsource"
> txt <- vectorSource (textvec)
Error in vectorSource(textvec) : could not find function "vectorSource"
> txt <- VectorSource (textvec)
> txt <- Corpus (txt)
> inspect (txt)
<<SimpleCorpus>>
Metadata:  corpus specific: 1, document level (indexed): 0
Content:  documents: 5

[1] #1-1# From SIRI to 3445 self-driving cars, artificial intelligence (AI) is progressing rapidly. ##While science fiction often portrays AI as robots with human-like characteristics, AI 1@# can encompass anything from Google’s search algorithms to IBM’s Watson to autonomous weapons. Artificial intelligence today is properly known as narrow AI (or weak AI), in that it is designed to perform a narrow task (e.g. only facial recognition or only internet searches or only driving a car). However, the long-term goal of many researchers is to create general AI (AGI or strong AI). While narrow AI may outperform humans at whatever its specific task is, like playing chess or solving equations, AGI would outperform humans at nearly every cognitive task.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[2] #1-2# In the near term, the goal of keeping AI’s impact on society beneficial motivates research in many areas, from economics and law to technical topics such as verification, validity, 374736 security and control. @@8756784 Whereas it may be little more than a minor nuisance if your laptop crashes or gets hacked, it becomes all the more important that an AI system does what you want it to do if it controls your car, your airplane, your pacemaker, your automated trading system or your power grid. Another short-term challenge is preventing a devastating arms race in lethal autonomous weapons.In the long term, an important question is what will happen if the quest for strong AI succeeds and an AI system becomes better than humans at all cognitive tasks. As pointed out by I.J. Good in 1965, designing smarter AI systems is itself a cognitive task. Such a system could potentially undergo recursive self-improvement, triggering an intelligence explosion leaving human intellect far behind. By inventing revolutionaynew technologies, such a superintelligence might help us eradicate war, disease, and poverty, and so the creation of strong AI might be the biggest event in human history. Some experts have expressed concern, though, that it might also be the last, unless we learn to align the goals of the AI with ours before it becomes superintelligent.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[3] @2@ Most researchers agree that a superintelligent AI is unlikely to exhibit human emotions like love or hate, and that there is no reason to expect AI to become intentionally benevolent or malevolent. Instead, when considering how AI might become a risk, experts think two scenarios most likely: 1- The AI is programmed to do something devastating: Autonomous weapons are artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill. In the hands of the wrong person, these weapons could easily cause mass casualties. Moreover, an AI arms race could inadvertently lead to an AI war that also results in mass casualties. To avoid being thwarted by the enemy, these weapons would be designed to be extremely difficult to simply “turn off,” so humans could plausibly lose control of such a situation. This risk is one that’s present even with narrow AI, but grows as levels of AI intelligence and autonomy increase. 2 The AI is programmed to do something beneficial, but it develops a destructive method for achieving its goal: This can happen whenever we fail to fully align the AI’s goals with ours, which is strikingly difficult. If you ask an obedient intelligent car to take you to the airport as fast as possible, it might get you there chased by helicopters and covered in vomit, doing not what you wanted but literally what you asked for. If a superintelligent system is tasked with a ambitious geoengineering project, it might wreak havoc with our ecosystem as a side effect, and view human attempts to stop it as a threat to be met.                                                                                                                                                                                    
[4] $3$ Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak, Bill Gates, and many other big names in science and technology have recently expressed concern in the media and via open letters about the risks posed by AI, joined by many leading AI researchers. Why is the subject suddenly in the headlines?  The idea that the quest for strong AI would ultimately succeed was long thought of as science fiction, centuries or more away. However, thanks to recent breakthroughs, many AI milestones, which experts viewed as decades away merely five years ago, have now been reached, making many experts take seriously the possibility of superintelligence in our lifetime. While some experts still guess that human-level AI is centuries away, most AI researches at the 2015 Puerto Rico Conference guessed that it would happen before 2060. Since it may take decades to complete the required safety research, it is prudent to start it now.Because AI has the potential to become more intelligent than any human, we have no surefire way of predictig how it will behave. We can’t use past technological developments as much of a basis because we’ve never created anything that has the ability to, wittingly or unwittingly, outsmart us. The best example of what we could face may be our own evolution. People now control the planet, not because we’re the strongest, fastest or biggest, but because we’re the smartest. If we’re no longer the smartest, are we assured to remain in control?                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[5] &4& A captivating conversation is taking place about the future of artificial intelligence and what it will/should mean for humanity. There are fascinating controversies where the world’s leading experts disagree, such as: AI’s future impact on the job market; if/when human-level AI will be developed; whether this will lead to an intelligence explosion; and whether this is something we should welcome or fear. But there are also many examples of of boring pseudo-controversies caused by people misunderstanding and talking past each other. To help ourselves focus on the interesting controversies and open questions — and not on the misunderstandings — let’s  clear up some of the most common myths.One popular myth is that we know we’ll get superhuman AI this century. In fact, history is full of technological over-hyping. Where are those fusion power plants and flying cars we were promised we’d have by now? AI has also been repeatedly over-hyped in the past, even by some of the founders of the field. For example, John McCarthy (who coined the term “artificial intelligence”), Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon wrote this overly optimistic forecast about what could be accomplished during two months with stone-age computers: “We propose that a 2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at Dartmouth College […] An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves. We think that a significant advance can be made in one or more of these problems if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer.
> inspect (txt[2])
<<SimpleCorpus>>
Metadata:  corpus specific: 1, document level (indexed): 0
Content:  documents: 1

[1] #1-2# In the near term, the goal of keeping AI’s impact on society beneficial motivates research in many areas, from economics and law to technical topics such as verification, validity, 374736 security and control. @@8756784 Whereas it may be little more than a minor nuisance if your laptop crashes or gets hacked, it becomes all the more important that an AI system does what you want it to do if it controls your car, your airplane, your pacemaker, your automated trading system or your power grid. Another short-term challenge is preventing a devastating arms race in lethal autonomous weapons.In the long term, an important question is what will happen if the quest for strong AI succeeds and an AI system becomes better than humans at all cognitive tasks. As pointed out by I.J. Good in 1965, designing smarter AI systems is itself a cognitive task. Such a system could potentially undergo recursive self-improvement, triggering an intelligence explosion leaving human intellect far behind. By inventing revolutionaynew technologies, such a superintelligence might help us eradicate war, disease, and poverty, and so the creation of strong AI might be the biggest event in human history. Some experts have expressed concern, though, that it might also be the last, unless we learn to align the goals of the AI with ours before it becomes superintelligent.
> library(harrypotter)
> txt <- tm_map (txt, Content_transformer (tolower))
Error in Content_transformer(tolower) : 
  could not find function "Content_transformer"
> txt <- tm_map (txt, Content_Transformer (tolower))
Error in Content_Transformer(tolower) : 
  could not find function "Content_Transformer"
> txt <- tm_map (txt, content_transformer (tolower))
Warning message:
In tm_map.SimpleCorpus(txt, content_transformer(tolower)) :
  transformation drops documents
> txt
<<SimpleCorpus>>
Metadata:  corpus specific: 1, document level (indexed): 0
Content:  documents: 5
> inspect(txt)
<<SimpleCorpus>>
Metadata:  corpus specific: 1, document level (indexed): 0
Content:  documents: 5

[1] #1-1# from siri to 3445 self-driving cars, artificial intelligence (ai) is progressing rapidly. ##while science fiction often portrays ai as robots with human-like characteristics, ai 1@# can encompass anything from google’s search algorithms to ibm’s watson to autonomous weapons. artificial intelligence today is properly known as narrow ai (or weak ai), in that it is designed to perform a narrow task (e.g. only facial recognition or only internet searches or only driving a car). however, the long-term goal of many researchers is to create general ai (agi or strong ai). while narrow ai may outperform humans at whatever its specific task is, like playing chess or solving equations, agi would outperform humans at nearly every cognitive task.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[2] #1-2# in the near term, the goal of keeping ai’s impact on society beneficial motivates research in many areas, from economics and law to technical topics such as verification, validity, 374736 security and control. @@8756784 whereas it may be little more than a minor nuisance if your laptop crashes or gets hacked, it becomes all the more important that an ai system does what you want it to do if it controls your car, your airplane, your pacemaker, your automated trading system or your power grid. another short-term challenge is preventing a devastating arms race in lethal autonomous weapons.in the long term, an important question is what will happen if the quest for strong ai succeeds and an ai system becomes better than humans at all cognitive tasks. as pointed out by i.j. good in 1965, designing smarter ai systems is itself a cognitive task. such a system could potentially undergo recursive self-improvement, triggering an intelligence explosion leaving human intellect far behind. by inventing revolutionaynew technologies, such a superintelligence might help us eradicate war, disease, and poverty, and so the creation of strong ai might be the biggest event in human history. some experts have expressed concern, though, that it might also be the last, unless we learn to align the goals of the ai with ours before it becomes superintelligent.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[3] @2@ most researchers agree that a superintelligent ai is unlikely to exhibit human emotions like love or hate, and that there is no reason to expect ai to become intentionally benevolent or malevolent. instead, when considering how ai might become a risk, experts think two scenarios most likely: 1- the ai is programmed to do something devastating: autonomous weapons are artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill. in the hands of the wrong person, these weapons could easily cause mass casualties. moreover, an ai arms race could inadvertently lead to an ai war that also results in mass casualties. to avoid being thwarted by the enemy, these weapons would be designed to be extremely difficult to simply “turn off,” so humans could plausibly lose control of such a situation. this risk is one that’s present even with narrow ai, but grows as levels of ai intelligence and autonomy increase. 2 the ai is programmed to do something beneficial, but it develops a destructive method for achieving its goal: this can happen whenever we fail to fully align the ai’s goals with ours, which is strikingly difficult. if you ask an obedient intelligent car to take you to the airport as fast as possible, it might get you there chased by helicopters and covered in vomit, doing not what you wanted but literally what you asked for. if a superintelligent system is tasked with a ambitious geoengineering project, it might wreak havoc with our ecosystem as a side effect, and view human attempts to stop it as a threat to be met.                                                                                                                                                                                    
[4] $3$ stephen hawking, elon musk, steve wozniak, bill gates, and many other big names in science and technology have recently expressed concern in the media and via open letters about the risks posed by ai, joined by many leading ai researchers. why is the subject suddenly in the headlines?  the idea that the quest for strong ai would ultimately succeed was long thought of as science fiction, centuries or more away. however, thanks to recent breakthroughs, many ai milestones, which experts viewed as decades away merely five years ago, have now been reached, making many experts take seriously the possibility of superintelligence in our lifetime. while some experts still guess that human-level ai is centuries away, most ai researches at the 2015 puerto rico conference guessed that it would happen before 2060. since it may take decades to complete the required safety research, it is prudent to start it now.because ai has the potential to become more intelligent than any human, we have no surefire way of predictig how it will behave. we can’t use past technological developments as much of a basis because we’ve never created anything that has the ability to, wittingly or unwittingly, outsmart us. the best example of what we could face may be our own evolution. people now control the planet, not because we’re the strongest, fastest or biggest, but because we’re the smartest. if we’re no longer the smartest, are we assured to remain in control?                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[5] &4& a captivating conversation is taking place about the future of artificial intelligence and what it will/should mean for humanity. there are fascinating controversies where the world’s leading experts disagree, such as: ai’s future impact on the job market; if/when human-level ai will be developed; whether this will lead to an intelligence explosion; and whether this is something we should welcome or fear. but there are also many examples of of boring pseudo-controversies caused by people misunderstanding and talking past each other. to help ourselves focus on the interesting controversies and open questions — and not on the misunderstandings — let’s  clear up some of the most common myths.one popular myth is that we know we’ll get superhuman ai this century. in fact, history is full of technological over-hyping. where are those fusion power plants and flying cars we were promised we’d have by now? ai has also been repeatedly over-hyped in the past, even by some of the founders of the field. for example, john mccarthy (who coined the term “artificial intelligence”), marvin minsky, nathaniel rochester and claude shannon wrote this overly optimistic forecast about what could be accomplished during two months with stone-age computers: “we propose that a 2 month, 10 man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of 1956 at dartmouth college […] an attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves. we think that a significant advance can be made in one or more of these problems if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer.
> txt <- tm_map (txt, content_transformer (removeNumbers))
Warning message:
In tm_map.SimpleCorpus(txt, content_transformer(removeNumbers)) :
  transformation drops documents
> inspect(txt)
<<SimpleCorpus>>
Metadata:  corpus specific: 1, document level (indexed): 0
Content:  documents: 5

[1] #-# from siri to  self-driving cars, artificial intelligence (ai) is progressing rapidly. ##while science fiction often portrays ai as robots with human-like characteristics, ai @# can encompass anything from google’s search algorithms to ibm’s watson to autonomous weapons. artificial intelligence today is properly known as narrow ai (or weak ai), in that it is designed to perform a narrow task (e.g. only facial recognition or only internet searches or only driving a car). however, the long-term goal of many researchers is to create general ai (agi or strong ai). while narrow ai may outperform humans at whatever its specific task is, like playing chess or solving equations, agi would outperform humans at nearly every cognitive task.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[2] #-# in the near term, the goal of keeping ai’s impact on society beneficial motivates research in many areas, from economics and law to technical topics such as verification, validity,  security and control. @@ whereas it may be little more than a minor nuisance if your laptop crashes or gets hacked, it becomes all the more important that an ai system does what you want it to do if it controls your car, your airplane, your pacemaker, your automated trading system or your power grid. another short-term challenge is preventing a devastating arms race in lethal autonomous weapons.in the long term, an important question is what will happen if the quest for strong ai succeeds and an ai system becomes better than humans at all cognitive tasks. as pointed out by i.j. good in , designing smarter ai systems is itself a cognitive task. such a system could potentially undergo recursive self-improvement, triggering an intelligence explosion leaving human intellect far behind. by inventing revolutionaynew technologies, such a superintelligence might help us eradicate war, disease, and poverty, and so the creation of strong ai might be the biggest event in human history. some experts have expressed concern, though, that it might also be the last, unless we learn to align the goals of the ai with ours before it becomes superintelligent.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
[3] @@ most researchers agree that a superintelligent ai is unlikely to exhibit human emotions like love or hate, and that there is no reason to expect ai to become intentionally benevolent or malevolent. instead, when considering how ai might become a risk, experts think two scenarios most likely: - the ai is programmed to do something devastating: autonomous weapons are artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill. in the hands of the wrong person, these weapons could easily cause mass casualties. moreover, an ai arms race could inadvertently lead to an ai war that also results in mass casualties. to avoid being thwarted by the enemy, these weapons would be designed to be extremely difficult to simply “turn off,” so humans could plausibly lose control of such a situation. this risk is one that’s present even with narrow ai, but grows as levels of ai intelligence and autonomy increase.  the ai is programmed to do something beneficial, but it develops a destructive method for achieving its goal: this can happen whenever we fail to fully align the ai’s goals with ours, which is strikingly difficult. if you ask an obedient intelligent car to take you to the airport as fast as possible, it might get you there chased by helicopters and covered in vomit, doing not what you wanted but literally what you asked for. if a superintelligent system is tasked with a ambitious geoengineering project, it might wreak havoc with our ecosystem as a side effect, and view human attempts to stop it as a threat to be met.                                                                                                                                                                               
[4] $$ stephen hawking, elon musk, steve wozniak, bill gates, and many other big names in science and technology have recently expressed concern in the media and via open letters about the risks posed by ai, joined by many leading ai researchers. why is the subject suddenly in the headlines?  the idea that the quest for strong ai would ultimately succeed was long thought of as science fiction, centuries or more away. however, thanks to recent breakthroughs, many ai milestones, which experts viewed as decades away merely five years ago, have now been reached, making many experts take seriously the possibility of superintelligence in our lifetime. while some experts still guess that human-level ai is centuries away, most ai researches at the  puerto rico conference guessed that it would happen before . since it may take decades to complete the required safety research, it is prudent to start it now.because ai has the potential to become more intelligent than any human, we have no surefire way of predictig how it will behave. we can’t use past technological developments as much of a basis because we’ve never created anything that has the ability to, wittingly or unwittingly, outsmart us. the best example of what we could face may be our own evolution. people now control the planet, not because we’re the strongest, fastest or biggest, but because we’re the smartest. if we’re no longer the smartest, are we assured to remain in control?                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[5] && a captivating conversation is taking place about the future of artificial intelligence and what it will/should mean for humanity. there are fascinating controversies where the world’s leading experts disagree, such as: ai’s future impact on the job market; if/when human-level ai will be developed; whether this will lead to an intelligence explosion; and whether this is something we should welcome or fear. but there are also many examples of of boring pseudo-controversies caused by people misunderstanding and talking past each other. to help ourselves focus on the interesting controversies and open questions — and not on the misunderstandings — let’s  clear up some of the most common myths.one popular myth is that we know we’ll get superhuman ai this century. in fact, history is full of technological over-hyping. where are those fusion power plants and flying cars we were promised we’d have by now? ai has also been repeatedly over-hyped in the past, even by some of the founders of the field. for example, john mccarthy (who coined the term “artificial intelligence”), marvin minsky, nathaniel rochester and claude shannon wrote this overly optimistic forecast about what could be accomplished during two months with stone-age computers: “we propose that a  month,  man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of  at dartmouth college […] an attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves. we think that a significant advance can be made in one or more of these problems if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer.
> txt <- tm_map (txt, content_transformer (removePunctuation))
Warning message:
In tm_map.SimpleCorpus(txt, content_transformer(removePunctuation)) :
  transformation drops documents
> inspect(txt)
<<SimpleCorpus>>
Metadata:  corpus specific: 1, document level (indexed): 0
Content:  documents: 5

[1]  from siri to  selfdriving cars artificial intelligence ai is progressing rapidly while science fiction often portrays ai as robots with humanlike characteristics ai  can encompass anything from google’s search algorithms to ibm’s watson to autonomous weapons artificial intelligence today is properly known as narrow ai or weak ai in that it is designed to perform a narrow task eg only facial recognition or only internet searches or only driving a car however the longterm goal of many researchers is to create general ai agi or strong ai while narrow ai may outperform humans at whatever its specific task is like playing chess or solving equations agi would outperform humans at nearly every cognitive task                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
[2]  in the near term the goal of keeping ai’s impact on society beneficial motivates research in many areas from economics and law to technical topics such as verification validity  security and control  whereas it may be little more than a minor nuisance if your laptop crashes or gets hacked it becomes all the more important that an ai system does what you want it to do if it controls your car your airplane your pacemaker your automated trading system or your power grid another shortterm challenge is preventing a devastating arms race in lethal autonomous weaponsin the long term an important question is what will happen if the quest for strong ai succeeds and an ai system becomes better than humans at all cognitive tasks as pointed out by ij good in  designing smarter ai systems is itself a cognitive task such a system could potentially undergo recursive selfimprovement triggering an intelligence explosion leaving human intellect far behind by inventing revolutionaynew technologies such a superintelligence might help us eradicate war disease and poverty and so the creation of strong ai might be the biggest event in human history some experts have expressed concern though that it might also be the last unless we learn to align the goals of the ai with ours before it becomes superintelligent                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
[3]  most researchers agree that a superintelligent ai is unlikely to exhibit human emotions like love or hate and that there is no reason to expect ai to become intentionally benevolent or malevolent instead when considering how ai might become a risk experts think two scenarios most likely  the ai is programmed to do something devastating autonomous weapons are artificial intelligence systems that are programmed to kill in the hands of the wrong person these weapons could easily cause mass casualties moreover an ai arms race could inadvertently lead to an ai war that also results in mass casualties to avoid being thwarted by the enemy these weapons would be designed to be extremely difficult to simply “turn off” so humans could plausibly lose control of such a situation this risk is one that’s present even with narrow ai but grows as levels of ai intelligence and autonomy increase  the ai is programmed to do something beneficial but it develops a destructive method for achieving its goal this can happen whenever we fail to fully align the ai’s goals with ours which is strikingly difficult if you ask an obedient intelligent car to take you to the airport as fast as possible it might get you there chased by helicopters and covered in vomit doing not what you wanted but literally what you asked for if a superintelligent system is tasked with a ambitious geoengineering project it might wreak havoc with our ecosystem as a side effect and view human attempts to stop it as a threat to be met                                                                                                                                                                      
[4]  stephen hawking elon musk steve wozniak bill gates and many other big names in science and technology have recently expressed concern in the media and via open letters about the risks posed by ai joined by many leading ai researchers why is the subject suddenly in the headlines  the idea that the quest for strong ai would ultimately succeed was long thought of as science fiction centuries or more away however thanks to recent breakthroughs many ai milestones which experts viewed as decades away merely five years ago have now been reached making many experts take seriously the possibility of superintelligence in our lifetime while some experts still guess that humanlevel ai is centuries away most ai researches at the  puerto rico conference guessed that it would happen before  since it may take decades to complete the required safety research it is prudent to start it nowbecause ai has the potential to become more intelligent than any human we have no surefire way of predictig how it will behave we can’t use past technological developments as much of a basis because we’ve never created anything that has the ability to wittingly or unwittingly outsmart us the best example of what we could face may be our own evolution people now control the planet not because we’re the strongest fastest or biggest but because we’re the smartest if we’re no longer the smartest are we assured to remain in control                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
[5]  a captivating conversation is taking place about the future of artificial intelligence and what it willshould mean for humanity there are fascinating controversies where the world’s leading experts disagree such as ai’s future impact on the job market ifwhen humanlevel ai will be developed whether this will lead to an intelligence explosion and whether this is something we should welcome or fear but there are also many examples of of boring pseudocontroversies caused by people misunderstanding and talking past each other to help ourselves focus on the interesting controversies and open questions — and not on the misunderstandings — let’s  clear up some of the most common mythsone popular myth is that we know we’ll get superhuman ai this century in fact history is full of technological overhyping where are those fusion power plants and flying cars we were promised we’d have by now ai has also been repeatedly overhyped in the past even by some of the founders of the field for example john mccarthy who coined the term “artificial intelligence” marvin minsky nathaniel rochester and claude shannon wrote this overly optimistic forecast about what could be accomplished during two months with stoneage computers “we propose that a  month  man study of artificial intelligence be carried out during the summer of  at dartmouth college … an attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language form abstractions and concepts solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans and improve themselves we think that a significant advance can be made in one or more of these problems if a carefully selected group of scientists work on it together for a summer
> txt <- tm_map (txt, content_transformer (removeWorsd), stopwords ("english"))
Error in get("FUN", envir = environment(FUN)) : 
  object 'removeWorsd' not found
> txt <- tm_map (txt, content_transformer (removeWords), stopwords ("english"))
Warning message:
In tm_map.SimpleCorpus(txt, content_transformer(removeWords), stopwords("english")) :
  transformation drops documents
> inspect(txt)
<<SimpleCorpus>>
Metadata:  corpus specific: 1, document level (indexed): 0
Content:  documents: 5

[1]   siri   selfdriving cars artificial intelligence ai  progressing rapidly  science fiction often portrays ai  robots  humanlike characteristics ai  can encompass anything  google’s search algorithms  ibm’s watson  autonomous weapons artificial intelligence today  properly known  narrow ai  weak ai     designed  perform  narrow task eg  facial recognition   internet searches   driving  car however  longterm goal  many researchers   create general ai agi  strong ai  narrow ai may outperform humans  whatever  specific task  like playing chess  solving equations agi  outperform humans  nearly every cognitive task                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
[2]    near term  goal  keeping ai’s impact  society beneficial motivates research  many areas  economics  law  technical topics   verification validity  security  control  whereas  may  little    minor nuisance   laptop crashes  gets hacked  becomes    important   ai system    want      controls  car  airplane  pacemaker  automated trading system   power grid another shortterm challenge  preventing  devastating arms race  lethal autonomous weaponsin  long term  important question   will happen   quest  strong ai succeeds   ai system becomes better  humans   cognitive tasks  pointed   ij good   designing smarter ai systems    cognitive task   system  potentially undergo recursive selfimprovement triggering  intelligence explosion leaving human intellect far behind  inventing revolutionaynew technologies   superintelligence might help us eradicate war disease  poverty    creation  strong ai might   biggest event  human history  experts  expressed concern though   might also   last unless  learn  align  goals   ai     becomes superintelligent                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[3]   researchers agree   superintelligent ai  unlikely  exhibit human emotions like love  hate      reason  expect ai  become intentionally benevolent  malevolent instead  considering  ai might become  risk experts think two scenarios  likely   ai  programmed   something devastating autonomous weapons  artificial intelligence systems   programmed  kill   hands   wrong person  weapons  easily cause mass casualties moreover  ai arms race  inadvertently lead   ai war  also results  mass casualties  avoid  thwarted   enemy  weapons   designed   extremely difficult  simply “turn ”  humans  plausibly lose control    situation  risk  one ’s present even  narrow ai  grows  levels  ai intelligence  autonomy increase   ai  programmed   something beneficial   develops  destructive method  achieving  goal  can happen whenever  fail  fully align  ai’s goals     strikingly difficult   ask  obedient intelligent car  take    airport  fast  possible  might get   chased  helicopters  covered  vomit     wanted  literally   asked    superintelligent system  tasked   ambitious geoengineering project  might wreak havoc   ecosystem   side effect  view human attempts  stop    threat   met                                                                                                                          
[4]  stephen hawking elon musk steve wozniak bill gates  many  big names  science  technology  recently expressed concern   media  via open letters   risks posed  ai joined  many leading ai researchers    subject suddenly   headlines   idea   quest  strong ai  ultimately succeed  long thought   science fiction centuries   away however thanks  recent breakthroughs many ai milestones  experts viewed  decades away merely five years ago  now  reached making many experts take seriously  possibility  superintelligence   lifetime   experts still guess  humanlevel ai  centuries away  ai researches    puerto rico conference guessed    happen   since  may take decades  complete  required safety research   prudent  start  nowbecause ai   potential  become  intelligent   human    surefire way  predictig   will behave  can’t use past technological developments  much   basis  ’ve never created anything    ability  wittingly  unwittingly outsmart us  best example     face may    evolution people now control  planet   ’re  strongest fastest  biggest   ’re  smartest  ’re  longer  smartest   assured  remain  control                                                                                                                                                                                               
[5]   captivating conversation  taking place   future  artificial intelligence    willshould mean  humanity   fascinating controversies   world’s leading experts disagree   ai’s future impact   job market ifwhen humanlevel ai will  developed whether  will lead   intelligence explosion  whether   something   welcome  fear    also many examples   boring pseudocontroversies caused  people misunderstanding  talking past    help  focus   interesting controversies  open questions —     misunderstandings — let’s  clear      common mythsone popular myth    know ’ll get superhuman ai  century  fact history  full  technological overhyping    fusion power plants  flying cars   promised ’d   now ai  also  repeatedly overhyped   past even     founders   field  example john mccarthy  coined  term “artificial intelligence” marvin minsky nathaniel rochester  claude shannon wrote  overly optimistic forecast     accomplished  two months  stoneage computers “ propose    month  man study  artificial intelligence  carried    summer    dartmouth college …  attempt will  made  find   make machines use language form abstractions  concepts solve kinds  problems now reserved  humans  improve   think   significant advance can  made  one     problems   carefully selected group  scientists work   together   summer
> library (SnowballC)
> txt <- tm_map (txt, stemDocument)
Warning message:
In tm_map.SimpleCorpus(txt, stemDocument) : transformation drops documents
> inspect (txt)
<<SimpleCorpus>>
Metadata:  corpus specific: 1, document level (indexed): 0
Content:  documents: 5

[1] siri selfdriv car artifici intellig ai progress rapid scienc fiction often portray ai robot humanlik characterist ai can encompass anyth google’ search algorithm ibm’ watson autonom weapon artifici intellig today proper known narrow ai weak ai design perform narrow task eg facial recognit internet search drive car howev longterm goal mani research creat general ai agi strong ai narrow ai may outperform human whatev specif task like play chess solv equat agi outperform human near everi cognit task                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[2] near term goal keep ai’ impact societi benefici motiv research mani area econom law technic topic verif valid secur control wherea may littl minor nuisanc laptop crash get hack becom import ai system want control car airplan pacemak autom trade system power grid anoth shortterm challeng prevent devast arm race lethal autonom weaponsin long term import question will happen quest strong ai succeed ai system becom better human cognit task point ij good design smarter ai system cognit task system potenti undergo recurs selfimprov trigger intellig explos leav human intellect far behind invent revolutionaynew technolog superintellig might help us erad war diseas poverti creation strong ai might biggest event human histori expert express concern though might also last unless learn align goal ai becom superintellig                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[3] research agre superintellig ai unlik exhibit human emot like love hate reason expect ai becom intent benevol malevol instead consid ai might becom risk expert think two scenario like ai program someth devast autonom weapon artifici intellig system program kill hand wrong person weapon easili caus mass casualti moreov ai arm race inadvert lead ai war also result mass casualti avoid thwart enemi weapon design extrem difficult simpli “turn ” human plausibl lose control situat risk one ’s present even narrow ai grow level ai intellig autonomi increas ai program someth benefici develop destruct method achiev goal can happen whenev fail fulli align ai’ goal strike difficult ask obedi intellig car take airport fast possibl might get chase helicopt cover vomit want liter ask superintellig system task ambiti geoengin project might wreak havoc ecosystem side effect view human attempt stop threat met                                                                                                                     
[4] stephen hawk elon musk steve wozniak bill gate mani big name scienc technolog recent express concern media via open letter risk pose ai join mani lead ai research subject sudden headlin idea quest strong ai ultim succeed long thought scienc fiction centuri away howev thank recent breakthrough mani ai mileston expert view decad away mere five year ago now reach make mani expert take serious possibl superintellig lifetim expert still guess humanlevel ai centuri away ai research puerto rico confer guess happen sinc may take decad complet requir safeti research prudent start nowbecaus ai potenti becom intellig human surefir way predictig will behav can’t use past technolog develop much basi ’ve never creat anyth abil wit unwit outsmart us best exampl face may evolut peopl now control planet ’re strongest fastest biggest ’re smartest ’re longer smartest assur remain control                                                                                                                                          
[5] captiv convers take place futur artifici intellig willshould mean human fascin controversi world’ lead expert disagre ai’ futur impact job market ifwhen humanlevel ai will develop whether will lead intellig explos whether someth welcom fear also mani exampl bore pseudocontroversi caus peopl misunderstand talk past help focus interest controversi open question — misunderstand — let’ clear common mythson popular myth know ’ll get superhuman ai centuri fact histori full technolog overhyp fusion power plant fli car promis ’d now ai also repeat overhyp past even founder field exampl john mccarthi coin term “artifici intelligence” marvin minski nathaniel rochest claud shannon wrote over optimist forecast accomplish two month stoneag comput “ propos month man studi artifici intellig carri summer dartmouth colleg … attempt will made find make machin use languag form abstract concept solv kind problem now reserv human improv think signific advanc can made one problem care select group scientist work togeth summer
> txt <- tm_map (txt, stripWhitespace)
Warning message:
In tm_map.SimpleCorpus(txt, stripWhitespace) :
  transformation drops documents
> inspect (txt)
<<SimpleCorpus>>
Metadata:  corpus specific: 1, document level (indexed): 0
Content:  documents: 5

[1] siri selfdriv car artifici intellig ai progress rapid scienc fiction often portray ai robot humanlik characterist ai can encompass anyth google’ search algorithm ibm’ watson autonom weapon artifici intellig today proper known narrow ai weak ai design perform narrow task eg facial recognit internet search drive car howev longterm goal mani research creat general ai agi strong ai narrow ai may outperform human whatev specif task like play chess solv equat agi outperform human near everi cognit task                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[2] near term goal keep ai’ impact societi benefici motiv research mani area econom law technic topic verif valid secur control wherea may littl minor nuisanc laptop crash get hack becom import ai system want control car airplan pacemak autom trade system power grid anoth shortterm challeng prevent devast arm race lethal autonom weaponsin long term import question will happen quest strong ai succeed ai system becom better human cognit task point ij good design smarter ai system cognit task system potenti undergo recurs selfimprov trigger intellig explos leav human intellect far behind invent revolutionaynew technolog superintellig might help us erad war diseas poverti creation strong ai might biggest event human histori expert express concern though might also last unless learn align goal ai becom superintellig                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[3] research agre superintellig ai unlik exhibit human emot like love hate reason expect ai becom intent benevol malevol instead consid ai might becom risk expert think two scenario like ai program someth devast autonom weapon artifici intellig system program kill hand wrong person weapon easili caus mass casualti moreov ai arm race inadvert lead ai war also result mass casualti avoid thwart enemi weapon design extrem difficult simpli “turn ” human plausibl lose control situat risk one ’s present even narrow ai grow level ai intellig autonomi increas ai program someth benefici develop destruct method achiev goal can happen whenev fail fulli align ai’ goal strike difficult ask obedi intellig car take airport fast possibl might get chase helicopt cover vomit want liter ask superintellig system task ambiti geoengin project might wreak havoc ecosystem side effect view human attempt stop threat met                                                                                                                     
[4] stephen hawk elon musk steve wozniak bill gate mani big name scienc technolog recent express concern media via open letter risk pose ai join mani lead ai research subject sudden headlin idea quest strong ai ultim succeed long thought scienc fiction centuri away howev thank recent breakthrough mani ai mileston expert view decad away mere five year ago now reach make mani expert take serious possibl superintellig lifetim expert still guess humanlevel ai centuri away ai research puerto rico confer guess happen sinc may take decad complet requir safeti research prudent start nowbecaus ai potenti becom intellig human surefir way predictig will behav can’t use past technolog develop much basi ’ve never creat anyth abil wit unwit outsmart us best exampl face may evolut peopl now control planet ’re strongest fastest biggest ’re smartest ’re longer smartest assur remain control                                                                                                                                          
[5] captiv convers take place futur artifici intellig willshould mean human fascin controversi world’ lead expert disagre ai’ futur impact job market ifwhen humanlevel ai will develop whether will lead intellig explos whether someth welcom fear also mani exampl bore pseudocontroversi caus peopl misunderstand talk past help focus interest controversi open question — misunderstand — let’ clear common mythson popular myth know ’ll get superhuman ai centuri fact histori full technolog overhyp fusion power plant fli car promis ’d now ai also repeat overhyp past even founder field exampl john mccarthi coin term “artifici intelligence” marvin minski nathaniel rochest claud shannon wrote over optimist forecast accomplish two month stoneag comput “ propos month man studi artifici intellig carri summer dartmouth colleg … attempt will made find make machin use languag form abstract concept solv kind problem now reserv human improv think signific advanc can made one problem care select group scientist work togeth summer
> tdm <- TermDocumentMatrix (txt)
> inspect (tdm)
<<TermDocumentMatrix (terms: 395, documents: 5)>>
Non-/sparse entries: 508/1467
Sparsity           : 74%
Maximal term length: 17
Weighting          : term frequency (tf)
Sample             :
          Docs
Terms      1 2 3 4 5
  artifici 2 0 1 0 2
  becom    0 3 2 1 0
  expert   0 1 1 3 1
  human    2 3 3 1 2
  intellig 2 1 3 1 3
  mani     1 1 0 4 1
  might    0 3 3 0 0
  research 1 1 1 3 0
  system   0 5 2 0 0
  task     3 2 1 0 0
> customTra <- content_transformer (function (x, pattern) gsub (pattern, " ", x))
> txtw  <-  tm_map (txtw, customTra, "@")